In his book The Transparency Society (2012), South Korean-born German philosopher Byung-Chul Han uses Michel Foucault’s metaphor of the Panopticon to develop his concept of the Digital Panopticon. This concept refers to an emerging digital visibility in which everything is able be seen through electronic means, including all aspects of our private lives. This visibility is created by ubiquitous use of social networks and applications such as Google Earth, Maps, Glass, Street View and YouTube.
Hyperconnected South Korea enjoys the world’s fastest Internet speeds, a condition which, according to Byung-Chul, creates a radical laboratory for social transparency, a kind of ‘holy land’ for homo-digitalis, whose cell phone is an extension of the hand used to explore the world.
The original concept of the Panopticon was developed as an instrument of disciplinary surveillance and control established through the creation of linear visual perspectives over all subjects – or prisoners – from the point of a centralised tower. Able to see neither their fellow prisoners nor their jailers, captives lost all freedom and privacy to the all-seeing gaze of the Panopticon. The Digital Panopticon, in contrast, eschews this hierarchical structure in favour of a cybernetic matrix in which all elements are visible to each other. The single point of control of the analogue model thus gives way to observation from all angles. This makes the imposition of control even more effective, with every person ceding their privacy to others and thus creating universal mutual surveillance. “Such total surveillance”, writes the philosopher, “degrades ‘transparent society’ into an inhuman society of control: everyone controls everyone”.
(...) He ends his essay The Transparency Society by stating that the world is becoming one global Panopticon in which “no wall separates inside from outside”, surrendering our privacy to outside scrutiny.